Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system with increased bioavailability

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a formulation comprising (a) a drug that is poorly water-soluble, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) at least one polar lipid, wherein the formulation is substantially free of a polar solvent, as well as methods of preparing the formulation and methods of increasing the bioavailability of a drug using the formulation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many drugs are poorly soluble in water. Due to their low solubilities, these drugs have a correspondingly low degree of bioavailability. Therefore, it would be advantageous and desirable to have a method of increasing the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a formulation for delivery of one or more poorly water-soluble drugs, wherein the formulation comprises (a) a drug that is poorly water-soluble, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) at least one polar lipid, wherein the formulation is substantially free of a polar solvent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Poorly water-soluble drug delivery systems, such as traditional self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), require the use of polar solvents (e.g., isopropanol or propylene glycol). In contrast, the inventive embodiment excludes the use of a polar solvent. In particular, the invention provides a formulation for delivery of one or more poorly water-soluble drugs, wherein the formulation comprises (a) a drug that is poorly water-soluble, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) at least one polar lipid, wherein the formulation is substantially free of a polar solvent. Examples of polar solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, acetic acid, acetone, isopropanol, propylene glycol, and ethyl acetate.

For the purposes of describing the invention, the term “substantially free” refers to less than 5% (e.g., less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.7%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, less than 0.1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or 0%) (w/w) of the formulation.

For the purposes of describing the invention, the term “drug” refers to any compound which is biologically active, e.g., exhibits a therapeutic or prophylactic effect in vivo, or a biological effect in vitro. The term “poorly water-soluble” as used in conjunction with the present invention encompasses the terms sparingly water-soluble, slightly or very slightly water-soluble, and practically or totally water-insoluble compounds. A compound is poorly water-soluble for the purposes of this invention if it requires at least 30 parts solvent to dissolve one part solute.

Any poorly water-soluble drug, or combination of drugs including at least one poorly water-soluble drug, can be used in the inventive formulation. Suitable drugs include, but are not limited to, antihypertension drugs, antibiotic drugs, and anticancer or antitumor drugs. Examples of suitable drugs include, but are not limited to, peptides, nifedipine, glibencalmide, indomethacin, ursodeoxycholic acid, diphenyl hydrantoin, biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate, geldanamycin, mitotane, fenofibrate, simvastatin, idebenone, and camptothecin. In one embodiment of the invention, the poorly water-soluble drug is not mitotane.

Any surfactant or combinations of surfactants (e.g., combinations of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more surfactants) can be used in the inventive formulation. Suitable surfactants include nonionic, cationic, and anionic surfactants that can be synthetic or natural. Surfactants for use in the invention may include, but are not limited to, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS), sodium laureth sulfate, also known as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium myreth sulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonate, alkyl ether phosphate, sodium stearate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA or PFO), octenidine dihydrochloride, permanently charged quaternary ammonium cation, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (i.e., hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide), cetyl trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), 5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate), cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, lecithin, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol (consisting predominantly of cetyl and stearyl alcohols), oleyl alcohol, octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ethers, glucoside alkyl ethers, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, octyl glucoside, polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol, Triton X-100, polyoxyethylene glycol alkylphenol ethers, Nonoxynol-9, glyceryl laurate, polysorbates like polysorbate 20 (Tween™20, Span™20), polysorbate 40 (Tween™40, Span™40), polysorbate 60 (Tween™60, polysorbate 65 (Tween™65, Span™65), polysorbate 80 (Tween™80, Span™80), sorbitan alkyl esters, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, dodecyl dimethylamine oxide, and block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.

Any polar lipid or combination of polar lipids (e.g., combinations of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more polar lipids) can be used in the inventive formulation. Suitable polar lipids include mono- and di-glycerides, esters of fatty acids, and polysilane esthers. Specific examples include propylene glycol monocaprylate (Capryol®90), propylene glycol monolaurate, propylene glycol oleate, propylene glycol myristate, propylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol hydroxy stearate, propylene glycol ricinoleate, propylene glycol isostearate, propylene glycol monooleate, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (Captex®100), propylene glycol dioctanoate, propylene glycol caprylate/caprate, propylene glycol dilaurate, propylene glycol distearate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, and propylene glycol dicaprate.

The at least one surfactant and at least one polar lipid can each be present in the formulation in an amount of 10-90% (e.g., 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80% or ranges thereof, such as 10-30%, 15-20%, 15-17%, 20-60%, 35-50%, or 38-42%) weight/volume (w/w). In other words, the at least one surfactant can be present in the formulation in an amount of 10-90% (w/w) and the at least one polar lipid (e.g., two polar lipids) can be present in the formulation in an amount of 10-90% (w/w). For example, the inventive formulation can comprise 10-30% (w/w) of a first polar lipid, 20-60% (w/w) of a second polar lipid, and 10-30% (w/w) of a surfactant.

In one embodiment the first polar lipid is propylene glycol monocaprylate, the second polar lipid is propylene glycol dicaprate, and the surfactant is a polysorbate, such as polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 65, polysorbate 80, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polysorbate is polysorbate 80 (i.e., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). Accordingly, a particular example of the inventive formulation includes 10-30% (w/w) propylene glycol monocaprylate, 20-60% (w/w) propylene glycol dicaprate, and 10-30% (w/w) polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 80). A second particular example of the inventive formulation includes 15-20% (w/w) propylene glycol monocaprylate, 35-50% (w/w) propylene glycol dicaprate, and 15-20% (w/w) polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 80). A third particular example of the inventive formulation includes 15-17% (w/w) propylene glycol monocaprylate, 38-42% (w/w) propylene glycol dicaprate, and 15-17% (w/w) polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 80).

The inventive formulation makes it possible to load a large amount of drug (e.g., at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, or more). In particular, the inventive formulation has a drug loading of at least 33%, preferably between 33% and 67%, and more preferably between 37% and 54%. In one embodiment, the formulation comprises 1 mg to 800 mg (e.g., 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, or 700 mg) of the drug.

The emulsion globules of the formulation are generally less than about 200 nm (e.g., less than about 180 nm, less than about 150 nm, less than about 120 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 90 nm, less than about 80 nm, less than about 70 nm, or less than about 60 nm) in diameter. The small size globules formed in the GI tract are designed to result in higher bioavailability of the drug compared to tablet formulations.

The inventive formulation (e.g., pharmaceutical formulation) also can comprise a carrier (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier). The carrier can be any suitable carrier or mixture of carriers. For example, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be any of those conventionally used and is limited only by chemico-physical considerations, such as solubility and lack of reactivity with the active compound (s), as well as by the route of administration. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is chemically inert to the active compound (s) and has no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, and diluents, are well-known in the art and are readily available.

The inventive formulation can be packaged in any pharmaceutical composition for oral administration. Suitable compositions that comprise the formulation are capsules, including hard gelatin capsules or soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules are made with a gelatin shell, optionally in association with plasticizers, such as glycerine and/or sorbitol. Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers, such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch. The composition also can be formulated as a liquid suspension for administration directly into a patient's mouth. Alternatively, the formulation can be packaged into a solid dosage form (e.g., in a state readily converted to a microemulsion in vivo, thereby enhancing the dissolution of the drug).

Additional components that can be present in the dosage form include, but are not limited to, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, and flavoring agents.

The inventive formulation can be used for any suitable purpose. For example, the inventive formulation can be used for scientific and research purposes, such as in determining the types of diseases or disorders, particularly cancers, which can be treated and for which their onset can be delayed, or progression slowed, by administration of the inventive formulation. The inventive formulation can be used in vitro in conjunction with cultured cells, tissues, organs, and the like.

The formulation can be used to deliver a drug to a host and has particular usefulness in applications in vivo. For example, the inventive formulation can be used in the prevention, delay of onset, slowing, or treatment of the progression of a disease or disorder, such as cancer.

The inventive method of delivering a drug to a host, especially an animal such as a mammal (e.g., mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, cow, horse, or simian, such as a human), comprises administering the inventive formulation to a host. Preferably, the inventive formulation is administered in an amount effective to treat or prevent a disease or disorder in the host (e.g., a therapeutically or prophylatically effective amount).

The method of delivering a drug to a host through administering the formulation of the invention can be made more effective in the treatment or prevention of disease by using it in conjunction with other known methods of treating or preventing diseases or disorders. For example, when the poorly water-soluble drug in the inventive formulation is an anticancer or antitumor drug, the formulation can be administered in conjunction with (i.e., sequentially or concurrently) with other anticancer or antitumor compounds, such as doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, vinblastine, VP-16, VW-26, cisplatin, procarbazine, and taxol for solid tumors in general; alkylating agents, such as BCNU, CCNU, methyl-CCNU and DTIC, for brain or kidney cancers; and antimetabolites such as 5-FU and methotrexate for colon cancer.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that suitable methods of administering the inventive formulation to a host are known in the art, and, although more than one route can be used to administer a particular composition, a particular route can provide a more immediate and more effective reaction than another route. Accordingly, the described methods are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.

The dose administered to the host should be sufficient to prevent the targeted disease or disorder, e.g., cancer, delay its onset, slow its progression, or treat the disease or disorder (e.g., reverse or negate the condition). One skilled in the art will recognize that dosage will depend upon a variety of factors including the strength of the particular drug(s) employed, as well as the age, species, condition, and body weight of the host. The size of the dose will also be determined by the route, timing, and frequency of administration as well as the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that might accompany the administration of a particular composition and the desired physiological effect.

Suitable doses and dosage regimens can be determined by conventional range-finding techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached.

The invention also provides for a method for producing the inventive formulations using standard techniques, such as those set forth in the Example, as well as a method of increasing the bioavailability of a drug that is poorly water-soluble comprising preparing the inventive formulations.

The following example further illustrates the invention but, of course, should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.

Example

This example demonstrates the preparation of a Self Micro-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDD) for mitotane (250 mg) soft gelatin capsule. Although the experiments described below employ mitotane as the water-soluble drug, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the inventive formulation can comprise any poorly water-soluble drug.

Development studies were performed to maximize drug loading in the dosage form while providing a system that was physically stable upon dilution with 20% weight/weight water, while minimizing the globule size upon 1:200 dilution with 0.01 N HCl or water, as determined by light scattering analysis.

After initial solubility screening, four formulations were developed. These formulations contained medium chain triglycerides, polar lipids, and surfactants. Drug loading of 25% was achieved in systems containing Capryol™ 90 (Propylene Glycol Monocaprylate, Type II), Captex® 100 (Propylene Glycol Dicaprate), and Labrasol® (Caprylocaproyl Macrogolglycerides); as well as Triethyl Citrate, Captex® 100, and Labrasol®. Generally, at 25% drug loading, the systems containing either Capryol™ 90 or Triethyl Citrate dispersed immediately upon dilution into a homogenous solution, and displayed minimum (or no) oily residue before and after centrifugation.

However, as drug loading was increased from 25% to 50%, the emulsions were increasingly unstable. For some systems at the highest drug loading, precipitates formed immediately upon dilution. In other cases, dispersion was delayed and/or a pellet was formed upon centrifugation.

In order to achieve a higher stable drug concentration within the selected solvents/systems, Polysorbate 80 was used to replace Labrasol® as the system surfactant. Polysorbate 80 enhanced dispersion and reduced globule sizes in the Capryol™ 90 system to a greater degree than in the Triethyl Citrate system. From these results, formulations containing Capryol™ 90, Captex® 100, and Polysorbate 80; in different proportions were selected for further development.

TABLE 1 Qualitative Formula of Mitotane SMEDDS Soft Gelatin Capsules Item Number Material Function 1. Gelatin USP/NF (150 Bloom Limed Bone, Gelatin Shell Type B) 2. Glycerin, USP 99.7% Plasticizer 3. Sorbitol, 76% solution (Sorbitol Special ™) Plasticizer 4. Purified Water, USP Solvent 5. FD&C Blue #1 Colorant 6. Opatint White (G-18000) Colorant 7. Mitotane Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) 8. Propylene Glycol Monocaprylate, Type II, Solubilizing NF (Capryol ™ 90) Agent 9. Propylene Glycol Dicaprate (Captex ® 100) Solubilizing Agent 10. Polysorbate 80, USP/NF Surfactant

TABLE 2 Quantitative Formula of Gelatin Mass for Mitotane Soft Gel Capsules (250 kg Batch) Batch Item % weight/ Quantity Number Ingredients weight (kg) 1. Gelatin USP/NF (150 Bloom Limed 42.00 105.0 Bone, Type B) 2. Glycerin, USP 99.7% 3.00 7.500 3. Sorbitol, 76% solution (Sorbitol 18.00 45.00 Special ™) 4. Purified Water, USP* 34.92* 104.8* 5. FD&C Blue #1 0.08 0.200 6. Opatint White (G-18000) 2.00 5.000 TOTAL 100.0 267.5 *Purified Water, USP includes a 7% excess (17.5 kg) of the 250 kg batch size, in order to compensate for evaporation during the manufacturing process.

TABLE 3 Quantitative Fill Solution Formula for Mitotane SMEDD Soft Gel Capsules, 250 mg Batch Item mg/ % weight/ Quantity Number Ingredient capsule weight (kg) 7. Mitotane 250.0 28.50 2.625 8. Propylene Glycol 138.1 15.75 1.450 Monocaprylate, Type II, NF (Capryol ™ 90) 9. Propylene Glycol 350.8 40.00 3.684 Dicaprate (Captex ® 100) 10. Polysorbate 80, 138.1 15.75 1.450 USP/NF TOTAL 877.0 100.0 9.209

Abbreviated manufacturing procedures included the following:

1. Fill Solution

-   -   Mix Capryol™90, Captex® 100, and Polysorbate 80, NF until a         homogenous solution is obtained     -   Heat to 45° C.±5° C.     -   Slowly add mitotane into mixing solution, continue mixing until         completely dissolved     -   Deaerate final solution

2. Gelatin Mass

-   -   Reserve approximately 3 kg of water     -   Mix remaining water, Sorbitol Special™, and Glycerin     -   Heat to 85° C.±5° C.; add gelatin     -   Maintain temperature at 85° C.±5° C. with continuous mixing         until gelatin granules are completely dissolved, cook gelatin     -   In separate container, mix Opatint White and FD&C Blue #1     -   Add colorant mixture to gelatin mixture, rinse colorant         container with reserved water and add to gelatin mixture     -   Continue mixing until uniform color is obtained     -   Deaerate the gel mass     -   Determine water content of gel mass; adjust if needed (water         addition or continued heating)     -   Transfer to holding tank, maintain at 55°, use within 96 hours

3. Encapsulation

Encapsulate using size “20” oblong die roll

-   -   Tumble dry the capsules     -   Tunnel dry the capsules     -   Inspect     -   Polish     -   Pack into bulk containers         Final Package into 100 count, 150 mL, HDPE bottles with heat         seal caps.

4. Tentative Processing Parameter Targets

-   -   Average Fill Weight: 877 mg±3%     -   Ribbon Thickness: 0.81 mm±0.05 mm     -   Tailing Edge Seam Thickness: NLT 0.25 mm     -   Drying Conditions: 24° C. (21° C. to 28° C.); 20% Relative         Humidity (12% to 26%)     -   Drying End Point Moisture Content: ≧2% and ≦8% by LOD of capsule         shell

Formulation Development included the following:

Solubility: Solubility in Single Solvents was determined either by incremental loading or by direct mixing.

Incremental loading is an addition of small portions of drug to a specific volume of solvent with mixing and gentle heating. Quantities of drug are listed below in two columns, with the highest weight of drug that dissolved in the “Soluble” column, and the lowest weight that did not dissolve listed in the “Precipitated” column. Although this method does not yield a maximum solubility of the drug in the solvent, it does give sufficient information to screen potential solvents for use in formulation.

Solvents of interest are then screened with direct loading of the drug in specific intermediate amounts, and are reported below in the same manner.

Drug loading screening studies are reported in grams of mitotane dissolved per volume of solvent. This screening method provides a quick evaluation of potentially useful solvents without correcting for the density of the individual solvents.

TABLE 4 Initial Solvent Screening Studies Soluble Insoluble (Clear Solutions (Precipitant Vehicle/Solvent after Mixing, g/mL) observed, g/mL) Capmul MCM Not tested 0.250 Capryol ™ 90 0.550 0.670 Captex ® 100 0.500 0.550 Captex ® 200 0.563 0.580 Cremophor ® EL 0.449 0.469 Ethanol 0.553 0.570 Labrafil ® 0.479 0.492 Labrasol ® 0.550 0.651 Miglyol Oil 812N 0.500 0.591 Poloxamer 124 0.189 0.204 Polyethylene Glycol 400 0.235 0.255 Polyethylene Glycol 600 0.345 0.365 Polysorbate 20 0.428 0.445 Polysorbate 80 0.475 0.495 Propylene Glycol 0.132 0.149 Soybean Oil Not tested 0.250 Triethyl Citrate 0.750 0.837

Single vehicle solutions were selected at 50% drug loading for accelerated stability testing at 40° C./75% RH. These solutions were analyzed for assay and related substances at initial, two weeks, and four weeks.

TABLE 5 Stability Results of Single Vehicles Solutions at 50% Drug Load 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Initial 40° C./ 40° C./ Single Batch Assay 75% RH 75% RH Vehicles Number (% label claim) Assay Assay Capryol ™ F-2772- 82.0 99.2 97.7 90 018A Captex ® F-2772- 90.0 77.1 77.4 100 018B Labrasol ® F-2772- 99.0 98.7 97.0 018C

Solvent Systems Solubility was then determined by selection of the solvents with the higher solubility, and combining them with materials of the types and ratios generally appropriate for production of SMEDD. The combinations below were tested either by incremental loading or by direct mixing, and are reported in the same manner as the single solvents. This screening method provides a quick evaluation of potentially useful solvent systems without correcting for the density of each solvent system as would be needed for reporting mitotane percent weight in each system.

TABLE 6 Solvent System Screening Studies Clear Solutions after Mixing Precipitated Solvent System (weight ratio) (g/mL) (g/mL) Capmul MCM:PEG 400:Polysorbate 80 Not 0.604 (1:1:1) tested Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 100 (1:1) 0.620 0.670 Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.550 0.600 100:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.550 0.600 100:Labrasol ™ (3:1:1) Capryol ™ 0.527 0.546 90:Labrafil ®:Labrasol ™ (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Labrasol ™ (1:1) 0.520 0.570 Capryol ™ 90:Labrasol ™:Captex ® 0.550 0.620 100 (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90:Labrasol ™:Soybean Not 0.687 Oil (1:1:1) tested Capryol:Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™ 0.550 0.803 (1:1:1) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 0.550 0.600 90:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™ (1:1) 0.550 0.570 Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 0.620 0.670 90 (56:22:22) Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.600 0.650 100 (2:1:1)

Temperature dependent stability of selected mitotane solvents and solvent systems was explored by observing selected systems at 5° C. and at room temperature for 24 hours.

TABLE 7 Physical Stability of Mitotane Solutions at 5° and Room Temperature Drug Loading 5° C. Room Temperature Vehicle/System (w/w) (g Drug/g Solvent) (minimum 24 hours) (minimum 24 hours) Capmul MCM 0.25 Precipitate Clear Solution Capmul MCM:PEG 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution 400:Polysorbate 80 (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90 0.50 Clear Solution Clear Solution Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 100 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution (1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.50 Clear Solution Clear Solution 100:Labrasol ™ (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.50 Clear Solution Not Tested 100:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution 100:Labrasol ™ (2:2:1) Capryol ™ 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution 90:Labrasol ™:Captex ® 100 (2:2:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution 100:Polysorbate 80 (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.40 Clear Solution Clear Solution 100:Polysorbate 80 (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 0.40 Clear Solution Clear Solution 100:Polysorbate 80 (22:56:22) Capryol ™ 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution 90:Labrasol ™:Soybean Oil (1:1:1) Captex ® 100 0.50 Clear Solution Clear Solution Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 0.50 Clear Solution Not Tested 90:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Labrafil ® 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution Labrasol ™ 0.50 Clear Solution Clear Solution Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 0.50 Clear solution Not Tested 90:Captex ® 100 (56:22:22) Miglyol Oil 812N 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution Polyethylene Glycol 600 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution Polysorbate 20 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution Polysorbate 80 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution Soybean Oil 0.25 Precipitate Clear Solution Triethyl Citrate 0.25 Clear Solution Clear Solution

Temperature Cycling of Selected Solvents and Solubility Systems was studied. Systems were prepared at ambient temperature, with mixed solvent in the weight ratios reported in brackets. Mitotane, 0.25 grams, was then added to 1 gram of each solvent or solvent mixture. Samples were placed in the refrigerator (5° C.±3° C.) and observations were recorded. The samples were then left at ambient temperature for 24 hours, and observations recorded. The samples were then placed in a 40° C. oven, and final observation was made after another 24 hours. These observations are recorded in the table below.

Water Tolerance was evaluated since water migration often occurs as the fill solution is exposed to wet gelatin mass during the soft gelatin encapsulation process. Therefore, portions of water were added to the mitotane solutions to determine if they would precipitate upon exposure to quantities of water that typically may migrate into the capsule fill solution.

Solvent systems were prepared at ambient temperature, with mixed solvent in the weight ratios reported in brackets in the table below. Mitotane was then added to 3 grams of each solvent or solvent mixture. (For the samples reported as 25% Drug loading, 0.75 grams of mitotane was added to the 3 grams of solvent. For samples reported as 50% Drug loading, 1.5 grams were added to 3 grams of solvent.) After the mitotane solution was obtained, 300 milligrams of water was added to the sample with vortex mixing. If the sample remained as a clear solution, a second portion of 300 milligrams of water was added and mixing repeated. (If the sample precipitated after the first addition, a second addition of water was not performed.)

TABLE 8 Water Tolerance of Mitotane Solutions Drug Appearance following Appearance following Vehicle/System (w/w) Loading* addition of 10%* w/w water addition of 20%* w/w water Capmul MCM 25% Hazy liquid Not tested Capmul MCM:PEG 25% Hazy liquid Not tested 400:Polysorbate 80 (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90 50% Hazy, precipitation Not tested Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Hazy, precipitation Not tested 100 (1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Hazy liquid Not tested 100:Labrasol ™ (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Hazy, precipitation Not tested 100:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Hazy, precipitation Not tested 100:Labrasol ™ (2:2:1) Capryol ™ 25% Hazy liquid Not tested 90:Labrasol ™:Captex ® 100 (2:2:1) Capryol ™ 25% Hazy, precipitation Not tested 90:Labrasol ™:Soybean Oil (1:1:1) Captex ® 100 50% Immiscible/precipitation Not tested Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 50% Hazy, precipitation Not tested 90:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Captex ® 200 25% Immiscible/precipitation Not tested Labrafil ® 25% Hazy/precipitation Not tested Labrasol ™ 50% Hazy liquid Not tested Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 50% Hazy, precipitation Not tested 90:Captex ® 100 (56:22:22) Miglyol Oil 812N 25% Hazy, precipitation Not tested Polyethylene Glycol 600 25% Clear liquid Clear liquid Polysorbate 20 25% Clear yellow liquid Clear yellow liquid Polysorbate 80 25% Clear yellow liquid Clear yellow liquid Soybean Oil 25% Hazy, precipitation Not tested Triethyl Citrate 25% Hazy liquid Not tested *Percent relative to the weight of solvent in the sample, not the total weight of sample.

Dilution of Mitotane Systems

Mitotane systems were tested in a 1:200 dilution (v/v) with purified water, USP or N/100 HCl. Mitotane systems (1.0 mL) were charged into 200 mL of either purified water, USP or N/100 HCl, with continuous mixing for five minutes. Samples were transferred in a glass jar. Liquids were then centrifuged for 30 minutes at 5000 rpm to prepare a pellet (if present). Drug loading ranged from 25% to 50%.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

After dilutions were centrifuged, pellets were evaluated using DSC. The testing method used in the evaluation of the pellets was 25° C. to 85° C.

TABLE 9 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Mitotane Dilutions (Pellets) Drug Onset Peak System (w/w) Loading Media (° C.) (° C.) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Purified 72.91 80.17 100:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Water, USP Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl 54.81 70.85 100:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 90 50% Purified 31.78 74.92 Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Water, USP Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 90 50% 0.01N HCl 70.32 80.79 Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 50% Purified 43.39 66.38 90:Captex ® 100: (56:22:22) Water, USP Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 50% 0.01N HCl 57.79 66.26 90:Captex ® 100: (56:22:22) Note: No pellets formed from Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™ (1:1:1), with either dilulent.

Dynamic Light Scattering of Mitotane Dilutions

The supernatant liquids decanted after centrifugation were evaluated using a Nicomp ZLS Particle Sizer for Dynamic Light Scattering. DLS was tested to evaluate the globule size in the supernatant liquids. Samples were examined for two minutes at an intensity set point of approximately 300 KHz.

Formulation Selection

Based on these studies, several formulations were prepared (see Tables 10 and 11). Temperature cycling was tested to evaluate the physical stability of the three formulations F-2772-054 (33.3% drug w/w), F-2772-055 (20.0% drug w/w), and F-2772-057 (33.3% drug w/w) as well as formulations F-2772-054 and 057 at 28.5% drug w/w. F-2772-056 was eliminated because of the amount of precipitate. Temperature cycling consisted of three stages for 24 hour periods; refrigeration (5° C.), 40° C. conventional oven, and room temperature. After each 24 hour cycle, solutions were evaluated for clarity. Formulations containing 28.5% drug w/w remained in solution after temperature cycling showing the solutions were physically stable.

TABLE 10 Mitotane Formulations Intensity Drug Diameter Item No. System (w/w) Loading (Gaussian) nm 1. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 149.49 (Water) 100:Labrasol ™ (1:1:1) 251.24 (0.01N HCl) 2. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 246.63 (Water) 100:Labrasol ™ (56:22:22) 399.85 (0.01N HCl) 3. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 93.68 (Water) 100:Polysorbate 80 (1:1:1) 81.03 (0.01N HCl)   3B. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 120.82 (Water) 100:Polysorbate 80 (1:1:1) 138.62 (0.01N HCl) 4. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 104.48 (Water) 100:Polysorbate 80 (56:22:22) 143.95 (0.01N HCl) 5. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 547.98 (Water) 100:Polysorbate 80 (22:56:22) 640.09 (0.01N HCl) 6. Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 125.84 (Water) 100:Polysorbate 80 (22:56:22) 138.68 (0.01N HCl)

TABLE 11 Mitotane Formulations Formulation F-2772-054 F-2772-055 F-2772-057 Ingredient (s) % w/w % w/w % w/w Mitotane 28.5 20.0 28.5 Capryol ™ 90 23.8 26.7 15.7 Captex ® 100 23.8 26.7 40.0 Polysorbate 80 23.8 26.7 15.7 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 Density (g/cm³) 1.05 1.03 1.04 Assay by External 99.8 99.5 97.3 Std.

Summary

Drug loading of 25% wt/wt was achieved in systems containing a mixture of Capryol™ 90, Captex® 100, and Labrasol™ as well as a mixture containing Triethyl Citrate, Captex® 100, and Labrasol™. These systems dispersed immediately upon dilution (1:200, water or dilute HCl) into a homogenous suspension, and displayed minimum (or no) oily residue before and after centrifugation, indicating an appropriate ratio of ingredients for SMEDDS formation.

In trials to achieve a stable, higher drug concentration, Polysorbate 80 was used in addition to and as a replacement for Labrasol™ as the system surfactant. Addition of Polysorbate 80 enhanced dispersion and reduced globule sizes in the Capryol™ 90 system, however this system was found to be an unstable.

TABLE 12 Observations upon Dilution of Mitotane Systems Drug Dilution Observations after Observations System (expressed as w/w) Loading (1:200 v/v) Dilution after Centrifugation Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Water, USP immediate emulsion formation, no oily residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) immediate emulsion formation, no oily residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 30% Purified Cloudy white Drug crystals- rod 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Water, USP liquid, immediate shaped side of the dispersion tube (very few crystals) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 30% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white Drug crystals- rod 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) liquid, immediate shaped side of the dispersion, oily tube (very few residue crystals) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 40% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, no oily dispersion residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 40% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) precipitation, oily formation, oily residue residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Water, USP precipitation, oily formation, oily residue residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate emulsion formation, no oily residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) immediate emulsion formation, no oily residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 30% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 30% 0.01N HCl Hazy liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) delayed dispersion formation, oily residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 40% Purified Hazy liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP delayed dispersion formation, oily residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 40% 0.01N HCl Clear solution, oily No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) residue formation, oily residue at bottom Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Purified Clear solution, Pellet formation 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP precipitation, oily (precipitate) residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Clear solution, Pellet formation 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) precipitation, oily (precipitate) residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™:Polysorbate Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, hazy 80, (1:1:1):1 liquid Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™:Polysorbate immediate dispersion formation, hazy 80, (1:1:1):1 liquid Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™:Polysorbate Water, USP immediate dispersion, formation, gel 80, (1:1:1):1 emulsion breaking residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™:Polysorbate immediate dispersion, formation, gel 80, (1:1:1):1 emulsion breaking residue Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1) Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1) immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Capryol ™ 90:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Polysorbate 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 80:Triethyl Citrate: (1:1:1) Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, oily residue at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) immediate emulsion formation, oily residue at bottom Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 30% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, no oily dispersion residue Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 30% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion residue at bottom Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 40% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion residue at bottom Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 40% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white Drug crystals- rod 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) liquid, immediate shaped side of the dispersion tube (very few crystals) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 50% Purified Clear solution, Pellet formation 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP precipitation, oily (semi-solid) residue Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 50% 0.01N HCl Clear solution, Pellet formation 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) precipitation, oily (semi-solid) residue Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22)* Water, USP immediate emulsion formation, oily residue at bottom Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 25% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 90:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion reside at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 25% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet 90:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion reside at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 50% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Capryol ™ 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 25% Purified Cloudy white No pellet Citrate, (1:1:1) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, no oily dispersion, oily residue residue Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 25% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet Citrate, (1:1:1) liquid, immediate formation, no oily dispersion, oily residue residue Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 50% Purified Cloudy white No pellet Citrate, (1:1:1) Water, USP liquid, delayed formation, no oily dispersion, oily residue residue Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation Citrate, (1:1:1) delayed dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 25% Purified Hazy liquid, No pellet Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP delayed dispersion, formation, oily oily residue residue at bottom Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 25% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet Citrate, (56:22:22) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion, oily residue at bottom residue Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 50% Purified Cloudy white Drug crystals- rod Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, delayed shaped side of the dispersion, oily tube (very few residue crystals) Captex ® 100:Labrasol ™:Triethyl 50% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white Pellet formation Citrate, (56:22:22) liquid, delayed (precipitation) dispersion, oily residue Captex ® 100:Polysorbate 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 80:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, oily residue at bottom (excessive) Captex ® 100:Polysorbate 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 80:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion (semi-solid) Captex ® 100:Polysorbate 50% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 80:Triethyl Citrate, (1:1:1) Water, USP immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Captex ® 100:Polysorbate 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 80:Triethyl Citrate, (1:1:1) immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Captex ® 100, 22:22:56 Water, USP immediate emulsion formation, oily residue at bottom Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Captex ® 100, 22:22:56 immediate emulsion formation, oily residue at bottom Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 30% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion, formation, oily oily residue residue at bottom Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 30% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion, formation, no oily oily residue residue Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 40% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion (semi-solid) Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 40% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 50% Purified Clear solution, Pellet formation 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Water, USP precipitation, oily (semi-solid) residue Labrasol ™:Capryol ™ 50% 0.01N HCl Clear solution, Pellet formation 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) precipitation, oily (semi-solid) residue Labrasol ™:Captex ® 25% Purified Cloudy white No pellet 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate formation, no oily dispersion, oily residue residue Labrasol ™:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion, formation, no oily oily residue residue Labrasol ™:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Labrasol ™:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) liquid, delayed (semi-solid) dispersion, oily residue Polysorbate 80:Capryol ™ 25% Purified Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Polysorbate 80:Capryol ™ 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion formation, oily reside at bottom (excessive) Polysorbate 80:Capryol ™ 50% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion (semi-solid) Polysorbate 80:Capryol ™ 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 90:Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion (semi-solid) Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion (semi-solid) Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, No pellet 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion formation, oily residue at bottom (excessive) Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 25% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion (semi-solid) Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Polysorbate 80:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 25% Purified Hazy liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion, formation, no oily oily residue residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 50% Purified Hazy liquid, Pellet formation 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Water, USP delayed dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white Pellet formation 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) liquid, delayed (semi-solid) dispersion, oily residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Hazy liquid, No pellet 100:Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) delayed dispersion, formation, no oily oily residue residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 50% Purified Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Polysorbate 80 (56:22:22) Water, USP immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 50% 0.01N HCl Milky white liquid, Pellet formation 100:Polysorbate 80 (56:22:22)* immediate dispersion, (semi-solid) oily residue Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 25% Purified Cloudy white Pellet formation 100:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Water, USP liquid, immediate (semi-solid) dispersion Triethyl Citrate:Captex ® 25% 0.01N HCl Cloudy white No pellet 100:Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) liquid, immediate formation, oily dispersion residue at bottom (excessive)

The highest mitotane concentration trial that was found to be the most stable was 28.5% weight/weight, or 40% drug loading (28.5/(100-28.5)=40% drug loading).

Due to the drug precipitation overnight in some samples, selected systems were retested at 50% and 55% drug loading in a direct loading solubility study.

TABLE 13 Dynamic Light Scattering of Supernatant Liquids Intensity System Dilution Diameter Standard (expressed as Drug 1:200 (Gaussian) Deviation Fit w/w) Loading (v/v) nm nm Chi² Decay Error Capryol ™ 90: 25% Purified 149.49 78.03 2.299 2.172 5.105 Captex ® 100: Water, Labrasol ™, USP (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 25% 0.01N 251.24 96.22 3.139 2.355 8.831 Captex ® 100: HCl Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 50% Purified 192.04 46.47 0.34 2.599 11.317 Captex ® 100: Water, Labrasol ™, USP (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 50% 0.01N 579.06 216.57 6.344 2.408 5.511 Captex ® 100: HCl Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 25% Purified 246.63 148.72 6.079 2.394 5.655 Captex ® 100: Water, Labrasol ™, USP (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 25% 0.01N 399.85 170.34 1.91 2.532 10.43 Captex ® 100: HCl Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 50% Purified 197.87 50.06 1.142 2.431 22.115 Captex ® 100: Water, Labrasol ™, USP (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 50% 0.01N 380.41 159.52 0.883 2.33 15.389 Captex ® 100: HCl Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 25% Purified 148.99 89.24 2.885 2.435 6.165 Captex ® 100: Water, Labrasol ™: USP Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 25% 0.01N 153.44 94.52 6.007 2.363 8.267 Captex ® 100: HCl Labrasol ™: Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 50% Purified 249.86 176.15 104.628 2.439 6.835 Captex ® 100: Water, Labrasol ™: USP Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 50% 0.01N 273.31 209.08 122.608 2.372 6.275 Captex ® 100: HCl Labrasol ™: Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 25% Purified 120.82 55.94 2.273 2.37 9.598 Captex ® 100: Water, Polysorbate 80, USP (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 25% 0.01N 138.62 61.96 1.725 2.48 7.598 Captex ® 100: HCl Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 50% Purified 93.68 36.44 1.307 2.439 10.223 Captex ® 100: Water, Polysorbate 80, USP (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 50% 0.01N 81.03 36.95 5.457 2.351 4.614 Captex ® 100: HCl Polysorbate 80, (1:1:1) Capryol ™ 90: 25% Purified 131.31 71.56 23.15 2.484 7.392 Captex ® 100: Water, Polysorbate 80, USP (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 25% 0.01N 392.44 313.95 133.58 2.45 5.42 Captex ® 100: HCl Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 50% Purified 104.48 57.36 11.872 2.558 10.424 Captex ® 100: Water, Polysorbate 80, USP (56:22:22) Capryol ™ 90: 50% 0.01N 143.95 82.05 36.573 2.52 9.186 Captex ® 100: HCl Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% Purified 127.65 66.88 2.57 2.395 7.469 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Polysorbate 80, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% 0.01N 225.36 159.55 37.175 2.809 8.54 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% Purified 125.84 70.47 10.714 2.411 8.912 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Polysorbate 80, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% 0.01N 138.68 83.76 9.857 2.624 8.937 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% 0.01N 1080.6 637.55 14.632 2.491 1793.64 Labrasol ™: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 25% Purified 142.51 44.03 0.44 2.551 13.836 Labrasol ™: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% Purified 136.98 35.2 1.919 2.513 20.442 Labrasol ™: Water, Triethyl Citrate USP (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 25% Purified 131.92 54.48 2.263 2.455 7.245 Polysorbate 80: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 25% 0.01N 127 82.27 0.999 2.561 10.035 Polysorbate 80: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 50% Purified 98.43 52.27 4.069 2.518 7.942 Polysorbate 80: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 50% 0.01N 103.26 54.11 2.981 2.587 7.047 Polysorbate 80: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 25% Purified 126.43 62.08 1.564 2.886 5.675 Polysorbate 80: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% 0.01N 139.7 77.11 5.804 2.46 9.841 Polysorbate 80: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% Purified 126.67 70.05 1.874 2.415 7.452 Polysorbate 80: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% 0.01N 117.53 60.17 0.971 2.443 6.369 Polysorbate 80: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% Purified 213.42 45.03 0.93 2.356 5.465 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Labrasol ™, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% 0.01N 569.76 394.84 1.358 2.361 10.067 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% Purified 547.98 415.92 42.277 2.343 3.88 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Labrasol ™, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% 0.01N 640.09 410.3 15.47 2.37 5.327 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% 0.01N 512.67 309.65 28.203 2.595 5.787 Labrasol ™: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 50% Purified 151.03 24.62 0.855 2.403 9.435 Labrasol ™: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Captex ® 100: 25% 0.01N 967.49 521.47 17.912 2.579 1843.23 Labrasol ™: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (1:1:1) Captex ® 100: 50% 0.01N 1256.38 741.27 116.546 2.107 1572.65 Labrasol ™: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 25% Purified 121.46 50.77 1.4 2.522 6.999 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Captex ® 100, USP (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 25% 0.01N 267.43 23.27 0.185 3.067 9.94 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 50% Purified 162.18 24.65 0.652 2.498 11.071 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Captex ® 100, USP (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 50% 0.01N 2140.74 1485.67 7.137 1.821 1506.17 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 25% Purified 119.93 20.51 1.825 2.387 12.02 Captex ® 100: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 50% 0.01N 281.59 144.74 0.449 2.448 6.331 Captex ® 100: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 50% Purified 171.38 71.64 1.226 2.451 8.004 Captex ® 100: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Labrasol ™: 25% 0.01N 858.78 490.36 18.004 2.236 1476.04 Captex ® 100: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 25% Purified 116.29 51.52 1.541 2.466 8.594 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Captex ® 100, USP (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 25% Purified 116.29 51.52 1.541 2.4665 8.594 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Captex ® 100, USP (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 25% 0.01N 93.68 36.44 1.307 2.439 10.233 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 50% Purified 101.75 33.07 0.635 2.438 8.903 Capryol ™ 90: Water, Captex ® 100, USP (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 50% 0.01N 100.78 20.96 0.599 2.463 8.643 Capryol ™ 90: HCl Captex ® 100, (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 25% Purified 104.37 51.87 1.281 2.376 8.822 Captex ® 100: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 25% 0.01N 106.35 31.59 1.422 2.517 15.046 Captex ® 100: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 50% Purified 110.01 49.17 0.462 2.44 7.309 Captex ® 100: Water, Triethyl Citrate, USP (56:22:22) Polysorbate 80: 50% 0.01N 114.97 37.59 7.5 2.492 11.166 Captex ® 100: HCl Triethyl Citrate, (56:22:22) Triethyl 50% Purified 136.66 16.67 0.814 2.523 9.782 Citrate: Water, Captex ® 100: USP Labrasol ™, (1:1:1) Triethyl 25% Purified 154.92 84.59 4.659 2.357 11.19 Citrate: Water, Captex ® 100: USP Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Triethyl 25% 0.01N 541.6 298.96 2.746 2.654 5.985 Citrate: HCl Captex ® 100: Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Triethyl 50% Purified 158.37 46.09 1.002 2.29 14.573 Citrate: Water, Captex ® 100: USP Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Triethyl 50% 0.01N 965.26 412.17 0.862 2.77 2314.71 Citrate: HCl Captex ® 100: Labrasol ™, (56:22:22) Triethyl 25% Purified 126.57 77.33 7.996 2.71 10.059 Citrate: Water, Captex ® 100: USP Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Triethyl 25% 0.01N 112.11 44.17 0.686 2.388 6.75 Citrate: HCl Captex ® 100: Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Triethyl 50% Purified 164.69 102.6 3.606 2.318 6.345 Citrate: Water, Captex ® 100: USP Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22) Triethyl 50% 0.01N 187.73 121.09 18.036 2.642 7.277 Citrate: HCl Captex ® 100: Polysorbate 80, (56:22:22)

All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 

1. A formulation comprising: (a) a drug that is poorly water-soluble, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) at least one polar lipid, wherein the formulation is substantially free of a polar solvent.
 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one surfactant is selected from the group consisting of nonionic, cationic, and anionic surfactants.
 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the at least one polar lipid is selected from the group consisting of mono- and di-glycerides, esters of fatty acids, and polysilane esthers.
 4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein formulation contains 10-90% surfactants.
 5. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation contains 10-90% polar lipids.
 6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the formulation contains two polar lipids.
 7. The formulation of claim 6, wherein the at least one surfactant is a polysorbate and the two polar lipids are propylene glycol monocaprylate and propylene glycol dicaprate.
 8. The formulation of claim 7 comprising 10-30% (w/w) propylene glycol monocaprylate, 20-60% (w/w) propylene glycol dicaprate, and 10-30% (w/w) polysorbate.
 9. The formulation of claim 7 comprising 15-20% (w/w) propylene glycol monocaprylate, 35-50% (w/w) propylene glycol dicaprate, and 15-20% (w/w) polysorbate.
 10. The formulation of claim 7 comprising 15-17% (w/w) propylene glycol monocaprylate, 38-42% (w/w) propylene glycol dicaprate, and 15-17% (w/w) polysorbate.
 11. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the polysorbate is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 65, polysorbate 80, and mixtures thereof.
 12. The formulation of claim 8, wherein the polysorbate is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 65, polysorbate 80, and mixtures thereof.
 13. The formulation of claim 9, wherein the polysorbate is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 65, polysorbate 80, and mixtures thereof.
 14. The formulation of claim 10, wherein the polysorbate is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 65, polysorbate 80, and mixtures thereof.
 15. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate
 80. 16. The formulation of claim 8, wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate
 80. 17. The formulation of claim 9, wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate
 80. 18. The formulation of claim 10, wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate
 80. 19. A method of increasing the bioavailability of a drug that is poorly water-soluble comprising preparing the formulation of claim 1, and administering the formulation to a host.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one surfactant is a polysorbate, and wherein the formulation contains two polar lipids that are propylene glycol monocaprylate and propylene glycol dicaprate. 